- Joined
- Apr 29, 2007
- Messages
- 1,076
- Points
- 0
So, you're sitting there reading some auction on eBay for a piece of YAG saying it's easy to pump it with 40 watts of IR and get 10 watts of green from a simple cavity. Well, unlucky for you, it's not quite that simple. There are a lot of things you have to understand before you go off buying a expensive diode and crystals hoping to get several watts.
First thing you need to understand is what is actually happening in the cavity that is making the green light. There is a lot of complex stuff working together to make a laser work. There are also several different types of cavities you can use to achieve your goal, some are easier to build then others, but have drawbacks.
Cavities
The first thing I will talk about is the cavity layout. There are 4 main types I will talk about, while there are others, they are not as suitable for a high power green laser. These types are: Linear, L-Fold, Z-Fold, and Ring cavities.
Linear Cavity:
Linear cavities are the simplest of all laser cavities, they consist of 2 or 3 mirrors depending on what you want to do. For a simple IR laser, you will need a set of 2 mirrors, a high reflector, or HR for the rear mirror, and a output coupler, OC for the front mirror. The goal of the cavity is to allow for more gain. When you have no mirrors, you get a maximum of 1 complete pass through the gain medium, this gets you very low power. When you put on one mirror, the light bounces back giving you a maximum of 2 passes through the medium. When you add and correctly align then second mirror, you greatly increase the gain of the medium. For any reasonable laser system, you will require 2 cavity mirrors.
When choosing your mirrors, you also have to deal with the curvature of the mirrors. There is an ideal layout of the mirror's radius of curvature vs. cavity length. For simplicity sake, let's assume we want to build a semiconfocal resonator, the easiest to align and the most thermally stable. Your HR mirror would have an infinite focal length, AKA, flat, while the output coupler would have a radius of curvature that is two times the length of the cavity. This means that the beam waist will be located on the output coupler.
The next thing you have to consider when choosing your mirrors is the way you want to pump the system. Assuming you are using an 808nm diode system, you can either side pump the gain medium or end pump the gain medium with either a focused fiber coupled diode or focused direct diode. The easiest way of pumping in my opinion is to use a fiber coupled diode with a focusing adapter on the end. If you choose to end pump the medium, you will need a high reflector that is both high transmission at the pump wavelength and high reflecting at the laser wavelength. If you choose to use side pumping, then you will need an exposed side of the gain medium that matches up with the length of the emitter on the diode you choose. Side pumping is generally only usable for a large emitter array and not a single emitter C-Mount or canned diode.
The final thing you need to consider when choosing the mirrors for your cavity is the reflectance of the output coupler. With perfect mirrors and no looses internally in the cavity, the intracavity power would be infinite, but due to the fact that mirrors with perfect reflectance do not exist and there are always losses in the cavity, you will always have losses. The transmission of the output coupler is considered a loss of the cavity. For a CW laser system, you want a much higher reflectance output coupler because the laser is always running and thus is always amplifying the emission of the gain medium. Typically, for a DPSS laser, the output coupler is in the range of 95-98% reflectance. For a high power system you want a higher reflectance. For most applications 95% will work perfectly, however will not be the optimal choice.
For a non doubled laser, you will want your cavity to consist of 2 mirrors and the layout will be as follows:
OC@1064 Gain Medium HR@1064
For a doubled cavity with an intracavity frequency doubling crystal:
OC@532/HR@1064 Doubler HR@532/HT@1064 Gain Medium HR@1064
L-Fold:
An L-Fold cavity is the easiest folded cavity to understand. The goal of it is to prevent any 532 from getting into the doubler crystal. They usually do not have as much efficiency as a linear or ring cavity, but they can handle much higher powers and have an artificially longer cavity length due to the folded design.
With a L-Fold, you will have 3 mirrors: 2 end mirrors, and a fold mirror. Both of the end mirrors will be flat while the fold mirror will be curved with a ROC 2 times the length of one leg of the cavity. Essentially, you will be making 2 semiconfocal resonators with a common mirror.
A L-Fold is only used for a doubled laser system, one leg will contain a gain medium while the other leg will contain the doubler. The light will come out from the fold mirror. You want all of the 1064nm light to stay within the cavity so you will have all 3 mirrors be high reflectors of 1064nm light. The end mirrors on the laser should be both a high reflector at 1064nm as well as 532nm. It should be flat. The fold mirror should be a HR at 1064nm and OC @ 532nm.
L-Fold cavities can either be end pumped or side pumped as before. With these types of cavities, it is common to use side pumping.
Z-Fold:
A Z-Fold cavity is very similar to a L-Fold cavity, it is done for the same reason, to artificially extend the length of the cavity. In a Z-Fold, the 2 fold mirrors are curved with 2 different ROC. The shorter leg of the cavity usually has the doubler, while the longer leg has the gain medium. The interconnecting part between the fold mirrors has nothing in it. If the ROC on the short leg is 1, then the ROC on the long leg would be 2. The end mirrors would still be flat.
All of the mirrors would be HR@1064 and 3 would be HR@532 as well, these would be the end mirrors, and the short ROC fold mirror, the long ROC fold mirror, would be HR1064/OC532.
Ring Cavities:
I am not going to talk too much about ring lasers as they are more advanced than the normal hobbiest can assemble, they are used when long coherence length, high gain, and stability is required.
Now onto the gain medium. I am assuming everyone will be using either Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 as the gain medium.
YAG vs. YVO4
So most people know about Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, or Nd:YAG, it is a simple material that is easy to obtain and emits on several wavelengths, primarily 1064nm. It has a relatively high damage threshold and is great if you want a pulsed laser.
Nd:YVO4 is a better choice for high power CW green or 1064nm lasers, it has a higher threshold level, however it has a higher gain and a higher damage threshold meaning it makes high power levels possible.
Doping
Doping is another very important factor in the laser design. With a pulsed laser, you want a high doping level so as to get the most gain in the short number of passes through the gain medium. Too high, and you will get reabsorbtion which can destroy the crystal, too low and you do not get the maximum gain. In a CW DPSS laser, you do not need to deal with the problem of pulsed laser only getting a few passes through the medium and thus you can use a much lower doping to prevent reabsorbtion, yet still provide adequate gain for the number of passes.
For most high power DPSS systems, 0.3-0.5% doping is ideal, much higher and you will not be able to get much power without damaging the crystal.
Pump Lasers
Pump lasers are typically where DIY DPSS projects start, you get a great deal on a 40 watt IR diode which the seller claims is 808nm and perfect for DPSS. While this may be the case, in many instances, they are not suitable. For a laser diode to work in a YAG or YVO4 based DPSS system, you want the wavelength to be centered at 808nm, not 809nm or 807nm. While you can cool the diode to get it to a specific wavelength, this adds another level of difficulty and is difficult to do without a spectrum analyzer or spectrometer.
Diodes come in several packages, the fiber coupled arrays are usually very easy to use and can be used for end pumping without much issue. They can be located away from the resonator. Raw mounted diode bars can be used to side pump materials easily.
Stable Construction
This is another place where people suffer, you must use a very stable adjustable construction method. Glue and wood does not work, you will need a thick metal plate as a base and at minimum 2 adjuster kinematic mounts. The best things to use are 3 adjusters as they offer more versatility. All cavity optics must be bolted down to the base plate along with crystals and doubler.
The Doubler
This is another place where people struggle, in order to get green, you need a doubler crystal, it can be either KTP or LBO, however, for most applications, KTP is preferable due to the smaller size requirement and temperature requirements. In order to get efficient doubling, the crystals must be heated. For most KTP, the optimal temperature is 50-90 degrees Celsius. They must be kept at a constant temperature. This is usually done by means of a heating oven. This oven must have some sort of active temperature control and monitoring system as well as a backup batter to prevent the temperature from dropping too much should the power to the oven be lost.
In Conclusion
I think that covers most everything people get stuck at when planning a DIY DPSS system, it is a complex and expensive project and not something to jump into until you fully understand the cost and requirements.
If there are any obvious errors or things you would like me to add, please let me know.
First thing you need to understand is what is actually happening in the cavity that is making the green light. There is a lot of complex stuff working together to make a laser work. There are also several different types of cavities you can use to achieve your goal, some are easier to build then others, but have drawbacks.
Cavities
The first thing I will talk about is the cavity layout. There are 4 main types I will talk about, while there are others, they are not as suitable for a high power green laser. These types are: Linear, L-Fold, Z-Fold, and Ring cavities.
Linear Cavity:
Linear cavities are the simplest of all laser cavities, they consist of 2 or 3 mirrors depending on what you want to do. For a simple IR laser, you will need a set of 2 mirrors, a high reflector, or HR for the rear mirror, and a output coupler, OC for the front mirror. The goal of the cavity is to allow for more gain. When you have no mirrors, you get a maximum of 1 complete pass through the gain medium, this gets you very low power. When you put on one mirror, the light bounces back giving you a maximum of 2 passes through the medium. When you add and correctly align then second mirror, you greatly increase the gain of the medium. For any reasonable laser system, you will require 2 cavity mirrors.
When choosing your mirrors, you also have to deal with the curvature of the mirrors. There is an ideal layout of the mirror's radius of curvature vs. cavity length. For simplicity sake, let's assume we want to build a semiconfocal resonator, the easiest to align and the most thermally stable. Your HR mirror would have an infinite focal length, AKA, flat, while the output coupler would have a radius of curvature that is two times the length of the cavity. This means that the beam waist will be located on the output coupler.
The next thing you have to consider when choosing your mirrors is the way you want to pump the system. Assuming you are using an 808nm diode system, you can either side pump the gain medium or end pump the gain medium with either a focused fiber coupled diode or focused direct diode. The easiest way of pumping in my opinion is to use a fiber coupled diode with a focusing adapter on the end. If you choose to end pump the medium, you will need a high reflector that is both high transmission at the pump wavelength and high reflecting at the laser wavelength. If you choose to use side pumping, then you will need an exposed side of the gain medium that matches up with the length of the emitter on the diode you choose. Side pumping is generally only usable for a large emitter array and not a single emitter C-Mount or canned diode.
The final thing you need to consider when choosing the mirrors for your cavity is the reflectance of the output coupler. With perfect mirrors and no looses internally in the cavity, the intracavity power would be infinite, but due to the fact that mirrors with perfect reflectance do not exist and there are always losses in the cavity, you will always have losses. The transmission of the output coupler is considered a loss of the cavity. For a CW laser system, you want a much higher reflectance output coupler because the laser is always running and thus is always amplifying the emission of the gain medium. Typically, for a DPSS laser, the output coupler is in the range of 95-98% reflectance. For a high power system you want a higher reflectance. For most applications 95% will work perfectly, however will not be the optimal choice.
For a non doubled laser, you will want your cavity to consist of 2 mirrors and the layout will be as follows:
OC@1064 Gain Medium HR@1064
For a doubled cavity with an intracavity frequency doubling crystal:
OC@532/HR@1064 Doubler HR@532/HT@1064 Gain Medium HR@1064
L-Fold:
An L-Fold cavity is the easiest folded cavity to understand. The goal of it is to prevent any 532 from getting into the doubler crystal. They usually do not have as much efficiency as a linear or ring cavity, but they can handle much higher powers and have an artificially longer cavity length due to the folded design.
With a L-Fold, you will have 3 mirrors: 2 end mirrors, and a fold mirror. Both of the end mirrors will be flat while the fold mirror will be curved with a ROC 2 times the length of one leg of the cavity. Essentially, you will be making 2 semiconfocal resonators with a common mirror.
A L-Fold is only used for a doubled laser system, one leg will contain a gain medium while the other leg will contain the doubler. The light will come out from the fold mirror. You want all of the 1064nm light to stay within the cavity so you will have all 3 mirrors be high reflectors of 1064nm light. The end mirrors on the laser should be both a high reflector at 1064nm as well as 532nm. It should be flat. The fold mirror should be a HR at 1064nm and OC @ 532nm.
L-Fold cavities can either be end pumped or side pumped as before. With these types of cavities, it is common to use side pumping.
Z-Fold:
A Z-Fold cavity is very similar to a L-Fold cavity, it is done for the same reason, to artificially extend the length of the cavity. In a Z-Fold, the 2 fold mirrors are curved with 2 different ROC. The shorter leg of the cavity usually has the doubler, while the longer leg has the gain medium. The interconnecting part between the fold mirrors has nothing in it. If the ROC on the short leg is 1, then the ROC on the long leg would be 2. The end mirrors would still be flat.
All of the mirrors would be HR@1064 and 3 would be HR@532 as well, these would be the end mirrors, and the short ROC fold mirror, the long ROC fold mirror, would be HR1064/OC532.
Ring Cavities:
I am not going to talk too much about ring lasers as they are more advanced than the normal hobbiest can assemble, they are used when long coherence length, high gain, and stability is required.
Now onto the gain medium. I am assuming everyone will be using either Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 as the gain medium.
YAG vs. YVO4
So most people know about Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, or Nd:YAG, it is a simple material that is easy to obtain and emits on several wavelengths, primarily 1064nm. It has a relatively high damage threshold and is great if you want a pulsed laser.
Nd:YVO4 is a better choice for high power CW green or 1064nm lasers, it has a higher threshold level, however it has a higher gain and a higher damage threshold meaning it makes high power levels possible.
Doping
Doping is another very important factor in the laser design. With a pulsed laser, you want a high doping level so as to get the most gain in the short number of passes through the gain medium. Too high, and you will get reabsorbtion which can destroy the crystal, too low and you do not get the maximum gain. In a CW DPSS laser, you do not need to deal with the problem of pulsed laser only getting a few passes through the medium and thus you can use a much lower doping to prevent reabsorbtion, yet still provide adequate gain for the number of passes.
For most high power DPSS systems, 0.3-0.5% doping is ideal, much higher and you will not be able to get much power without damaging the crystal.
Pump Lasers
Pump lasers are typically where DIY DPSS projects start, you get a great deal on a 40 watt IR diode which the seller claims is 808nm and perfect for DPSS. While this may be the case, in many instances, they are not suitable. For a laser diode to work in a YAG or YVO4 based DPSS system, you want the wavelength to be centered at 808nm, not 809nm or 807nm. While you can cool the diode to get it to a specific wavelength, this adds another level of difficulty and is difficult to do without a spectrum analyzer or spectrometer.
Diodes come in several packages, the fiber coupled arrays are usually very easy to use and can be used for end pumping without much issue. They can be located away from the resonator. Raw mounted diode bars can be used to side pump materials easily.
Stable Construction
This is another place where people suffer, you must use a very stable adjustable construction method. Glue and wood does not work, you will need a thick metal plate as a base and at minimum 2 adjuster kinematic mounts. The best things to use are 3 adjusters as they offer more versatility. All cavity optics must be bolted down to the base plate along with crystals and doubler.
The Doubler
This is another place where people struggle, in order to get green, you need a doubler crystal, it can be either KTP or LBO, however, for most applications, KTP is preferable due to the smaller size requirement and temperature requirements. In order to get efficient doubling, the crystals must be heated. For most KTP, the optimal temperature is 50-90 degrees Celsius. They must be kept at a constant temperature. This is usually done by means of a heating oven. This oven must have some sort of active temperature control and monitoring system as well as a backup batter to prevent the temperature from dropping too much should the power to the oven be lost.
In Conclusion
I think that covers most everything people get stuck at when planning a DIY DPSS system, it is a complex and expensive project and not something to jump into until you fully understand the cost and requirements.
If there are any obvious errors or things you would like me to add, please let me know.
