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darklandz said:what actually causes the unit to mode-hop?
Temperature, power, wavelength, alignment, bonding between the crystals if its a hybrid, etc. Changes in any of those can CAUSE of mode hop. In terms of the physics behind one, you're gunna get into some pretty hairy math. The general idea (and as best as I understand it) is that a beam of energy at one end of the crystal, when it traverses the length of the crystal twice and ends back up at its place of origin, must have the same profile of energy on its cross section. There are only certain profiles that will match that function, TEM00 being the lowest order. Various factors within the cavity can force that resonance to occur at higher order modes/profiles though, and then you end up with your crappy looking TEM01 or worse!