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For the scientific aspects of light, you should read up on Wikipedia or something.
However, with the laser communications, just because they shined some powerful laser off a mirror on the moon and detected a few photons doesn't make it a good communications method. Back before scientists developed high-quality glass fabrication techniques for fiber-optics they tried using line-of-sight laser communications. Unfortunately, they were very prone to interference and it was just as easy, or easier to use microwaves or wire-based communications. Fiber-optics are used because they are extremely low loss over long distances, so you don't need to degrade the signal with amplifiers as much, or worry about interference. It's also cheap to use (the fibers that is).
However, with the laser communications, just because they shined some powerful laser off a mirror on the moon and detected a few photons doesn't make it a good communications method. Back before scientists developed high-quality glass fabrication techniques for fiber-optics they tried using line-of-sight laser communications. Unfortunately, they were very prone to interference and it was just as easy, or easier to use microwaves or wire-based communications. Fiber-optics are used because they are extremely low loss over long distances, so you don't need to degrade the signal with amplifiers as much, or worry about interference. It's also cheap to use (the fibers that is).