A fiber-coupled laser is a laser designed to be coupled to an optical fiber, as in fiber optic cables, or one that is already coupled to a fiber optic cable. They are designed to get the light into the fiber with low loss for communication of data through light in the fiber. A package designed to be hooked up to a fiber optic cable doesn't generally lend itself to being packaged inside a laser pointer.
The difference is not in the diode itself, it is in how the diode is packaged. A diode packaged in a can like what is used for pointers is not ideal for putting the light into a fiber, and a diode packaged for putting light into a fiber isn't very good for fitting into a small laser pointer host. Exactly the same lasers, but packaged differently.
