Well, they're either alkaline/NiMH in the standard AAAA, AAA, AA, C, or D at about 1.5 V, or they're Li-Ion 3.7 V batteries at 10440, 14500, or 18650 (and there's a few other sizes). IIRC, for the Li-Ion batteries, the first two digits are the diameter (in mm), and the last three are the length (in inches...I mean mm).
I'm too lazy to care about CR2 and CR123A
See
http://flashlight-forums.com/index.php?action=printpage;topic=932.0 to see how Li-Ions roughly compare to alkalines.
Per the mAH, that you'll have to look at datasheets for the battery you want to buy. A good rule of thumb is the thicker the battery you get (especially with alkaline/NiMH batteries), the higher the load that it can handle.