It depends lbc-you really need to use a microcontroller. There are a few popular ways I know of-
1:time-of-flight. It sends a laser pulse out and measures the time it takes to return. Problem:You need about a 500mhz timer to get any kind of accuracy (this will get you about a foot of accuracy).
2:trigonometry. You use a camera type circuit (note-they usually have specialized ccd "strips" for things like this) that measures an angle to the brightest light source it detects. It can use this info to triangulate the distance to the laser dot. Problem:it gets exponentially less accurate the farther out you go.
3:interferometry. I have no idea how this one works.
Anyway, if I were you I would go with option 2. You can use the camera from a wiimote and it will do almost all the work for you, provided you use an IR laser.