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The lumen rating is measured, not calculated. I suppose you could estimate the output by characterizing the spectral distribution of each of the light sources, and attenuating each by the spectral absorption of each of the optical components, but an integrating sphere is cheaper and easier than...

Who said anything about galvos? Running it at 1khz for what? What EXACTLY are you trying to do, OP? The modulation speed is simply the fastest the device is rated to respond to a state change.

"plasma" is one of those words thrown around a lot. In some scenarios it means partially ionized gas, and in others it refers only to fully ionized gas. A flame often has some partially ionized gas, so if you're being pedantic, you could call a candle flame plasma. The white you're seeing is...

You didn't read my post properly. Notice the part where it's an example. EVEN THIS Is f:ROFLMAO:king wrong! All AC has eddy currents, whether it be or 50Hz 14 milliHertz. The effect becomes greater with higher frequency, but to say it "starts at 50Hz" is just laughable and arbitrary. Also...

Then you're wrong. You said "stranded wire can carry current more efficiently" which is bullshit. This is BASIC electrics and I can't believe I keep having to correct you on this high-school-level stuff. Here. Have a source. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire#Stranded_wire Here. Have another...

As an electrical engineer, and a former wire manufacturing employee, I must inform everyone here that Paul is full of shit. And don't give me that litz wire bullshit, Paul. That only applies to high frequency AC, and you're not buying litz wire in the first place. The only substantive purpose...

Your illustration (OP) describes a beam reducer. The opposite of the much touted beam expander. A law of optics we're quite familiar with here is: all else equal, beam divergence is inversely proportional to beam diameter. This is derived from the laws of diffraction, which are in turn derived...

Peculiar. I don't see a shunt low enough to sense current. It might be photodiode feedback driven exclusively. That sort of stability isn't required in a pointer.

There's no reason to have the laser itself idling while the device is inactive. There's also no reason to have an indicator LED inside the unit where it isn't visible... but the optics look a bit complex for a standard indicator LED, so it may just be a light pipe. Hard to say without seeing the...

Hey, cool, an actual driver in a low power red. You don't see that often. What's the current draw, and at what voltage does the driver drop out of regulation? Can I get a close up of the driver?

It's correct, but quite scattered, verbose, and repetitive. This could be a 1-2 minute explanation.

The power is proportional to the write speed. That is to say a 16x drive will typically have a higher power diode than a 8x drive. The other parameters will be about the same. Some diode cases are not easily re-purposed because they are a nonstandard form factor.

The number one danger to your diode is running it so far above recommended power. Make no mistake. Besides, the back-reflection danger from a pane of glass alone: I would rate a subjective "low" for single mode, and "virtually zero" for multimode.

The device at the website and the device in the demonstration are not the same. There is no way to get enough power from that silly 5W plug pack. At the power/rep rate, the device in the vid is using several hundred watts and is going to require water cooling of some sort. You might be able to...

As I said before, that depends entirely on the coating used. It has precisely nothing to do with the sensor. Carbon black (which is essentially soot) is a cheap, common colorant, so something like this might be a worst-case scenario.

It's just a negative cylinder lens with a short focal length. Two cylinder lenses, one orthogonal to the other, create a cross instead of a line, because half of the beam is passing through each. The "wavy pattern" is because they're fresnel lenses.

No. The short answer is quantum physics (specifically the principles of diffraction) prohibits this. Here's the longer answer

Unfortunately, If it was working and then stopped, that rules out all of the easy fixes. You can narrow it down to the head or PSU (or machine's control) by starting here: Measure the AC voltage across the cathode terminals. These are the two leads going into the "back" of the laser tube...

Pre-heat timer perhaps. Did it stop working or did you obtain the device with this fault? Do you have access to a DMM? What kind of controller are you using?

Not directly. You measure the voltage across a shunt resistor (that you, yourself introduce into the circuit) and apply ohm's law. Google it. Any voltmeter can measure current in this way.